Mindmasterclass dot Com: Health and Medical Blog

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A review of health seeking behavior: problems and prospects

Author: Sara MacKian Article reviewed by: Dr Nihar Ranjan Ray

INTRODUCTION:

Health seeking behavior refers to all those things humans do to prevent diseases and to detect diseases in asymptomatic stages. In contrast illness behavior refers to all those activities designed to recognize and explain symptoms after one feels ill, and sick role behavior refers to all those activities designed to cure diseases and restore health after a diagnosis has been made.

I agree to the author that there is growing recognition, in both developed and developing countries, that providing education and knowledge at the individual level is not sufficient in itself to promote a change in behavior. We need do something extra or focus to a different dimension to bring effective changes in health indicators. One more important thing that the author has insisted that factors promoting ‘good’ health seeking behaviors are not rooted solely in the individual, they also have a more dynamic, collective, interactive element. Understanding of the social capital and proper understanding of health seeking behavior could reduce delay to diagnosis, improve treatment compliance and improve health promotion strategies in a variety of contexts. Author has given utmost importance to make studies of health seeking behavior more useful from a health systems development perspective. In initial part of the article the author suggested the two approaches namely

(a) Health care seeking behaviors: utilization of the system

(b) Health seeking behaviors: the process of illness response

According to author variety of studies were conducted on the basis of macro analysis. Taking age, sex, geographical region etc.. But author aptly suggested that these determinants can be further broken to smaller fragments like Status of women, Elements of patriarchy, Social Age and sex, Socioeconomic Household resources Education level, Maternal occupation, Marital status, Economic status, ‘Cultural propriety’, Economic Costs of care Treatment, Travel time, Type and severity of illness Geographical Distance and physical access, Physical, Organizational Perceived quality and so many to identify the reality of the back ground problems. Despite the ongoing evidence from different studies that people do choose traditional and folk medicine or providers in a variety of contexts which have potentially profound impacts on health, few studies recommend ways to build bridges to enable individual preferences to be incorporated into a more responsive health care system. I find it most interesting that has been quoted by (Needham et al, 2001).  As they suggested “the need to improve integration of private sector providers with public care to tackle this problem in a better way” And with the Indian perspective at least I can’t agree with Ahemad et al that the training to these non formal providers are wrong. At least we can use their community motivation in a modern way so that the health seeking behavior of these people will change gradually.

Now it is time to focus upon to understand the psycho logical process of these people as discussed in the section  Health seeking behaviors: the process of illness response. The understanding of the ‘healthy choices’, in either their lifestyle behaviors or their use of medical care and treatment. Among the different models discussed here namely (a) social cognition models (b) Health belief model (c) health locus of control

•(a) social cognition models:

Predicting health behavior with social cognition models as per the figure illustrates I am completely agree with the author as she criticizes the model as “The downfall of these models is that most view the individual as a rational decision maker, systematically reviewing available information and forming behavior intentions from this. They do not allow any understanding of how people make decisions, or a description of the way in which people make decisions.”

•(b) Health belief Model:

The health belief model is a largely accepted theory and like any other theory it has its limitation also like the author writes “The health belief model has been criticized for portraying individuals as asocial economic decision makers, and its application to major contemporary health issues, such as sexual behavior, have failed to offer any insights” Any how I personally feel this can be a model of reference for contemporary diseases. and also what I feel this model is still holds good in describing the STIs though stigma, shame ness and sexual conservativeness comes into play.

It may be right that the way Mc Phill et all thinks “developed country research has a better track record of exploring this broader contextual picture, whilst work in developing countries tends not to acknowledge the poor relationship between knowledge and health seeking behavior.” Apart from the KABP model I find the description of the Reflexive communities are interesting .Reflexive communities reflect the particular ways of behaving, thinking and reaching decisions of individuals or groups, that in turn reflect the social construction of their position in wider society at a particular place and time. Information regarding health seeking has many facets and determinants like ‘moral, affective, aesthetic, narrative and meaning dimensions’. So more scientific way of approach will be ‘aesthetic reflexivity’ which “means making choices about and/or innovating background assumptions and shared practices upon whose bases cognitive and normative reflection is founded” In order to understand how people reach the decision  we need to know also how  the underlying, unspoken, unconscious feelings and assumptions which support that cognitive process. These concepts that are been discussed here  are seems to be more theoretical to practice . But still these issues are need to be addressed aptly for events like HIV/AIDS . I and I am completely agreed with Harvey that “the way people perceive risks and experience risk should be a matter for public policy”

Health seeking behavior and the probes: a review

Health seeking behavior differs for the same individuals or communities

when faced with different persons, times& illnesses. The article has described some of the examples here. They have  given a very nice example here regarding the health seeking practices of women when faced with abnormal vaginal discharge, as opposed to malaria. I think this is more a big problem in countries like India & Bangladesh than the developed worlds. Again the shortage of the female Health care staffs worsens the problem. And the most important thing that I feel is most of the sensitive illnesses or diseases or public health problems are having this problem. Or thinking in the reverse way that due to this embedded problem it is very difficult to address these problems or not getting quick results. Among the examples I try to touch them in short. Only the key issues are given as described the author. I think she has identified it very nicely from different studies.

Tuberculosis

(a) Late presentation and delayed diagnosis are  problems for TB, reflecting both

individual and social factor. Delay can be related to social stigma, gender, fear or multiple health seeking.

(b) Culturally sensitive and situated understanding of health seeking behavior may

Provide better  treatment compliance and shorten delay of diagnosis.

©Health education should be started  at family and community level to improve

awareness and to avoid stigma.

(d)The doctor-patient relationship may need particular attention in relation to TB due to the lengthy treatment period.

Maternal and child health

(a) The way in which women reach the decisions they can have a great influence

on child morbidity and mortality and is therefore worthy of continued study.

(b) There may be a better ways of exploring women’s involvement in health

system and social structures .

Diabetes Type 1

(a)Perhaps the lack of material suggests there is more work needed in this area?

(b)The doctor-patient dynamic can potentially be used to promote ‘good’ health

seeking behavior and compliance with treatment, and is an issue reflected across

the probes.

Social capital and Health & Development

Social resources norms and networks or processes and conditions within society that allow for the development of human and material capital. So  social capital is created and used through individual participation. Bonding social capital which links members of a particular group, and bridging  social capital which links across groups. So the first one when addresses the Horizontal Equity the later addresses the Vertical Equity. Social capital provides a means of shifting the focus from individuals to social groups, and the social involvement of the actions of individuals. Though it varies from community to community but social capital also has implications for the operation of health systems description of that in detail is beyond the scope of this literature.

Health seeking behavior in the context of health systems

Non formal practitioners  and birth attendants so embedded in the existing social

fabric and reflexive communities so that mostly the women deny delivery in favour of trained public service doctors. And in the Indian sub-continent  public doctors running private clinics alongside their public role, where they can charge patients they have referred from the public system, may have the effect of undermining trust in the wider system.

Conclusion

“To begin to picture the resources and constraints…the way the actor experiences them, is to take a crucial step towards understanding why and how people do what they do”

This statement by  Wallman and Baker I think we always need to remember be coz Health care is a system that is so much embedded into the society and individuality of the people that if you search for the influencing the factors than finally you will get all the branches of science on your table. So to be practical is more important than criticizing any issue theoretically and parallely we can’t ignore any issue how ever that may seem impractical. That is the beauty and problem of designing the policy for the Health care. What I feel like head of the family neglects himself in due course of taking care of other family members we should not land in a troubled water by focusing more on the peripheral issues of Health care delivery system than the center stage. We should not forget to address the problems of the internal clients to provide a better motivated care to the external clients. Which in my view very poorly addressed in international, national & regional level. And last but not the least is the financing system and its proper management is the key issue.

Dr Nihar Ranjan Ray

Indian Institute Of Public Health, Gandhinagar

Technologies are used to make these products of extremely high quality. The health products are used in cosmetic industry for the manufacture of body as well as skin care products.

Herbal health products- the herbal health products when used on our body give outstanding and effective results on your skin. There are no side effects associated with the usage of these herbal health products, as they are made completely and naturally from the natural available herbs. The herbal health products has a wide range of categories that includes baby care, body care, skin care, hair care, health care, vet care, etc and so on. The herbal health products when used, satisfies the health as well as personal care needs of a contemporary living.

Some of the examples of herbal health products are Shahi Cool, Gripe Water, Forest Honey, and Chyavanaprasha. The other well known popular products are Echinacea is used to stimulate the immune system, Feverfew cures migraines, headache and prophylaxis, and garlic is used to treat atherosclerosis, and so on.

Beauty health products- the beauty health products are used to enhance your lost beauty or to restore the beauty that you already possess. Nowadays, the market of the beauty health products is displaying high growth. This market includes hair care, skin care, nail care, ayurvedic products, herbal products, cosmetic and make-up products, oral care products, etc. the list of the beauty health products is endless.

Cardinal health products- the cardinal health products are bringing new levels of efficiency and safety to the complete IV medical process. These products are designed particularly to protect the patients in the hospitals against medication errors for a number of doses every year. The different cardinal health products are Convertors that is a surgical gown; Chloraprep, a skin preparation product; Esteem, medical gloves.

Personal health products- the personal health products are used to take care of your personal beauty in an innovative way. Many latest and novel products are available for personal healthcare. These products include comfort and orthopedic footwear, back support braces, cervical pillows, exercise equipment, bathroom aids, breast forms, etc.

Benefits of health products- it is not always necessary to use health products, but there are times in life when you have to critically depend on these health products for your beauty enhancements. These products give you the expected results in a short time and so most of the younger generation is attracted towards it. There are many benefits of using the health products. Let us have a quick glance on some of them: Coconut oil has high content of lauric acid which is well known for its anti fugal, anti bacterial and anti viral function and is used to increase the metabolism of the body. Virgin coconut oil present in natural soaps is a skin friendly product. Emu oil when used internally brings about the healing of Omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids. When used externally cures a number of skin allergies causing rashes or pain in the joints or the muscles.

Dangerous ingredients in health products- not all, but some of the health products may contain some dangerous ingredients in them that may be harmful to your body. They may be unsafe and cause some health concerns. Stuff like mercury, lead or phthalates used in the health products leads to serous health concerns. So always check the ingredients used in these products that will be absorbed by your skin and won’t do any weird things with your hormones.

Use these different health products in order to get a better tone of your body and protect as well as prevent it from different health issues.

How useful are graphic organizers such as mind maps and Venn diagrams to brainstorming?

There are those who equate brainstorming to coming up with a series of terrific ideas that help us get something done or some problem solved, and on the levels of simplicity, there is truth to that. In some circles, the concept of brainstorming is also referred to as idea management or creative thinking.

Yet, brainstorming, especially when done in a group setting, is much more precise and organized. There are tools and techniques that have been developed to help minimize a random brainstorming approach, and instead develop it into a precise technique. These tools help an individual or a group to focus on a problem, and then very deliberately develop creative solutions to that problem.

Some of the more common tools used in the brainstorming process are graphic organizers like mind maps and Venn diagrams. These tools are most useful when the brainstorming process is being embarked upon by a group.

Chief among the brainstorming graphic organizers are the mind map and Venn Diagram. There are also the KWL tables, which although this graphic organizer is often used as a creative tool in a learning environment. The KWL Table for example is very often used by instructors KWL is an acronym for What We Know.

The mind map helps one to see how the key word radiates out from a centralized point. The mind map is a diagram that one draws by placing the key word in the center and then mapping out radially all the words, ideas, tasks or other items that are linked to that key word or key idea. It can help the brainstorming group visualize, structure, or classify the ideas. It can show how one idea feeds into another, etc.

Concept mapping is structurally different in that the key concept is placed at the top of a chart and many other concepts are added below. It can often help to stimulate learning in the sciences and other subjects. It is also used to represent the expert knowledge of teams for business or even government projects.

Then there is the Venn diagram, which has been in existence since 1880. The Venn diagram is named after its inventor, John Venn. Venn diagrams are used quite extensively in a number of fields to help show all the possible relations between groups of things. They can be used in as complex of settings as logic, statistics, set theory and probability, or as simple a setting as a brainstorming session to determine and visualize possible relationships within that specific creative problem solving arena.

As the web develops and grows, it is now possible to locate templates or research possible tools to buy or create these various graphic organizers. For example, there are a number of websites where one can download mind mapping and concept mapping charts, as well as Venn Diagram templates. It is possible to make these items on one’s own computer, but many have found the ease in downloading these various graphic organizers to be much swifter and definitely more efficient especially when you take into consideration that their primary goal is to use the mind maps and Venn diagrams in their brainstorming not have to first create those graphic organizers to that they can finally get on to the higher goal of brainstorming.

By: Stephen Watson